Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Abstract
In recent decade in Iran, there have been published a vast number of books (compiled or translated) and scholar articles on different issues in various branches of geography. Most of these publications often focus on particular issues, but only rarely offer an expansive overview of the variety of terms and concepts in use within the field; Moreover, the conceptions used are mostly not meaningfully relevant and in some cases even misleading (it is especially true in falsities in translating these terms and conceptions into Persian). Moreover, the new trends and approaches in modern geography, especially spatial debates and planning theories are in some way the most neglected topics in these publications. In contrary, the most interested fields in these publications are often students’ thesis-based case study ones, compiled mostly by students themselves. So, some problems have been evolved from insufficient descriptions and lack of sufficient clear and perceptible definitions. The result has been not only a growing vagueness of some terms and definitions, fundamental to applied geographies, but the misleading of growing number of students of the field. The main aim of this article is to provide a relative detailed description and discussion of the terms and concepts which are central to the theoretical debate and empirical research in spatial planning within modern applied geography.
Keywords
سعیدی، عباس (1369)، "ملاحظاتی در قضیة ماهیت و قلمرو دانش جغرافیا"، در: رشد آموزش جغرافیا، شمارة 22 (1369)؛
حسینی حاصل، صدیقه (1388)، شالودة مکانیابی و استقرار روستاهای جدید، بنیاد مسکن، تهران؛
(1377)، مبانی جغرافیای روستایی، انتشارات سمت، تهران [چاپ چهاردهم، 1391]؛
(سرویراستار و مدیرعلمی) (1387الف)، دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی، بنیاد دانشنامه بزرگ فارسی و سازمان شهرداریها و دهیاریهای کشور، تهران؛
(1387ب)، "نظریة مکان مرکزی"، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 762-767؛
(1387ج)، "سلسله مراتب سکونتگاهی"، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 474-477؛
(1387د)، "راهبرد شبکه منطقه‌ای"، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 503-505؛
(1387ه)، "مکانیابی"، دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،...صص 767-772؛
(1387و)، "مدل مرکز- پیرامون"، دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،...صص 727-728؛
(1987ز)، "رویکرد قطب رشد"، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 626-628؛
(1387ح)، مفهوم فضا، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 614-617؛
(1387ط)، "پیوندهای روستایی- شهری"، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،...صص 216-218؛
(1387)، ساماندهی فضایی، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 449-452؛
(1387)، "برنامه‌ریزی فضایی، در: دانشنامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی،... صص 140-142؛
(1390الف)، "روابط شهر و روستا و پیوندهای روستا- شهری"، در: سعیدی، عباس، روابط و پیوندهای روستایی- شهری در ایران، نشر مهرمینو، تهران، صص 71-100 [چاپ نسخة اولیة این مقاله در: مجله علمی- پژوهشی جغرافیا، دوره جدید، شماره 1، 1382 (تاریخ چاپ 1384)]؛
(1391)، "مفاهیم بنیادین در برنامه‌ریزی کالبدی- فضایی" (بخش نخست) در: فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی کالبدی- فضایی، سال اول، شماره اول (زمستان 1391)، صص 9-26؛
فریدمن، جان و مایک داگلاس (1363)، توسعه روستاشهری، ترجمه عزیز کیاوند، سازمان برنامه و بودجه، تهران؛
-Anderson, Perry (1990), 'A culture in contraflow', New Left Review, no. 1/180, March-April (1990), pp. 41-78; and no. 1/182, July-August (1990), pp. 85-137;
-Bartels, D. (1970) ‘Einleitung’, in D.Bartels (ed.) Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographie, Köln/Berlin: Kiepenheuer & Witsch;
-Bobek, Hans (1948), “Stellung und Bedeutung der Sozialgeographie“, Erdkunde, Bd. 2, H. 1/3, August (1948);
-Bobek, Hans (1961), “Über den Einbau der sozialgeographischen Betrachtungsweise in die Kulturgeographie“ in: Hartke, W. und F. Wilhelm, Tagungsbericht und wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Deutscher Geographentag, Köln 22. bis 26. Mai (1961);
-Bourdieu, Pierre (1985), “The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups”, Theory and Society, Vol. 14, No. 6 (Nov.), pp. 723-744;
-Christaller, walter (1933), Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland, Jena;
-Featherstone, David and Joe Painter (eds.) (2013), Spatial Politics: Essays for Doreen Massey, Wiley-Blackwell, Sussex;
-Douglass, Mike (1981), “Agropolitan Development: An Alternative for Regional Development for Asia”, The Himalayan Review (Nepal Geographical Society), vol. 13 (1981);
-Douglass, Mike (1998), "A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural-urban Linkages." in: TWPR, 20(1), pp. 1-33;
-Douglass, Mike (1999), Rural- Urban Integration and Regional Economic Resilience: Strategies for the Rural- Urban Transition in Northeast Thailand, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii;
-Douglass, Mike (2006), “A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rurai-Urban Linkages: An Agenda for Policy Research with Reference to Indonesia”, in: Tacoli, Cecilia (Editor), The Earthscan Reader in Rural-Urban Linkages, Earthscan Reader Series, London (January 8, 2006), pp.124-155;
-Fliedner, Dietrich (1993), Sozialgeographie, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin;
-Foucault, Michel (1986), “Of Other Spaces”, Diacritics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring), PP. 22-27;
-Foucault, Michel (2005), “Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heteropias”, in: Leach, Neil (ed.), Rethinking Architecture, A reader in cultural theory, Routledge, London and New York, pp.329-357;
-Friedmann, John (1966), Regional Development. Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela, MIT Press, Cambridge;
-Friedmann, John (1978), “Agropolitan Development: Towards a New Strategy for Regional Planning in Asia”, in: Lo, F.C. and Salih, K. (eds.), Growth Pole Strategy and Regional Development Policy: Asian Experience and Alternative Approaches, ,Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 163-192;
-Friedmann, John (1986), “Core Periphery Model, in: The world city hypothesis”, Development and Change17, pp. 69-83;
-Friedmann, John (2003), Cities in a Global Age:Critical Areas of Theory and Research, University of Michigan, East Lansing, 2003;
-Friedmann, John (2005), Globalization and the Emerging Culture of Planning, University of British Columbia;
-Friedmann, John (2013), Planning for Sustainable Regional Development, UNCRD Expert Group Meeting on Integrated Regional Development Planning, 28 – 30 May (2013);
-Friedmann, John and Mike Douglas (1975), Agropolitan Development: Towards a New Strategy for Regional Planning in Asia (Prepared for Seminar on Industrialization Strategies and the Growth Pole Approach to Regional Planning and Development: the Asian Experience), Spons. by the United Nations, Centre for Regional Development, Nagoya, Japan, November 4-13 (1975);
-Giddens, Anthony (1984), The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, Polity Press, Cambridge;
-Giddens, Anthony (1995), The constitution of society, Polity, Polity Press, Cambridge;
-Giddens, Anthony (2006), Sociology, 5th. Edition, Polity, Cambridge;
-Gottdiener, Mark (1985), The Social Production of Urban Space, University of Texas Press, Texas;
-Gouldner, Alvin (1974), Die westliche Soziologie in der Krise, 2 Bde, Reinbek B., Hamburg;
-Gieryn, F. Thomas (2000), “A Space for Place in Sociology”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 26, PP. 463–496;
-Hernes, Tor (2004), The spatial construction of organization, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam;
-Hubbard, Phil (2012), “Thinking spaces, differently?”, Dialogues in Human Geography, 2(1), pp. 23–26;
-Kazig, R. und G. Heinritz (2012), Sozialgeographie, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt;
-King, Anthony (2000), “The Accidental Derogation of the Lay Actor: A Critique of Giddens's Concept of Structure”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 30 (2000), pp. 362-383;
-Lefebvre, Henri (1991), The Production of Space, Transl. by D. Nicholson-Smith, Blackwell, Oxford;
-Leng, Gunter (1973), “Zur "Münchner" Konzeption der Sozialgeographie”, In: Geographische Zeitschrift 61 (2), pp. 121-134;
-Maier, J., Karl Ruppert, Reinhard Paesler und Franz Schaffer (1977), Sozialgeographie. Westermann, Braunschweig;
-Massey, Doreen (2001), Space, Place, and Gender, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis (3rd Print);
-May, Tim et al (2005) “The Future of Urban Sociology”, Sociology, 39 (2005); 343-370;
-Merriman P, Jones M, Olsson G, Sheppard E, Thrift N, and Tuan Y-F (2012) Space and spatiality in theory. Dialogues in Human Geography, 2(1);
-Parsons, Talcott (1951), The Social System, The Free Press, New York;
-Perroux, Francois (1950), “Economic Space: Theory and Applications”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64 (1950);
-Perroux, Francois (1988), “The Pole of Development’s New Place in a General Theory of Economic Activity”, in: Higgins, B and D.J. Savoie, Regional Economic Development: Essays in Honour of Francois Perroux, Unwin Hyman, London;
-Prebisch, Raul (1962), “The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principle Problems”, Economic Bulletin of Latin America, Vol. VII, No. 1, February (1962);
-Prebisch, Raul (1963), “Towards a Dynamic Development Policy for Latin America”, United Nations Review, May (1963);
-Prebisch, Raul (1982), “The Crisis of Capitalism and Periphery”, Trade and Development, An UNCTAD Review, 4, Winter (1982);
-Ritsert, Jürgen (2009), Schlüsselprobleme der Gesellschaftstheorie: Individuum und Gesellschaft - Soziale Ungleichheit – Modernisierung, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden;
-Smith, Neil (1984), Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space, Basil Blackwell (2nd ed. 1990, 3rd Ed. University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 2008), London;
-Tacoli, C. (1998), "Rural-Urban Interactions." in: Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 1, April (1998);
-Tacoli, Cecilia (ed.), The Earthscan Reader in Rural-Urban Linkages, Earthscan Reader Series, London (January 8);
-Thrift, N. (1983) ‘On the determination of social action in space and time’, Society and Space, 1:23–57;
-Thrift, Nigel (2005), “Torsten Hägerstrand and social theory”, Progress in Human Geography, 29; 337-340;
-Weichhart, Peter (2010), Entwicklungslinien der Sozialgeographie: Von Hans Bobek bis Benno Werlen, 2 Bde., Franz Steiner, Stuttgart;
-Werlen, Benno (1993), Society, Action and Space - An alternative human geography, transl. by Gayna Walls (ed.Teresa Brennan and Benno Werlen), London and New York, Routledge;
-Werlen, Benno (2008): Sozialgeographie. Eine Einführung, UTB, Stuttgart;
-White, Paul (2001), “Settlement Patern”, in: Johnston, R.J., et al (eds.), The Dictionary of Modern Geography, Fourth Edition, Blackwell, Oxford;
-Wirth, E. (1979) Theoretische Geographie, Stuttgart: Teubner;
-Zipf GK (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley
)