Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• ahmad pourahmad ¹
• seyed abbas rajaei ²
• seyed mahmoud haji mirrahimi ³

¹ Professor of the Department of human Geography, University of Tehran, Iran

² Associate Professor Department of Human Geography, University of Tehran, Iran.

³ PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract

With the rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing number of private vehicles, the provision of parking has become a major challenge in metropolitan areas. As a key component of the urban transportation system, parking plays a crucial role in reducing on-street parking, improving traffic flow, and enhancing citizens’ quality of life. The lack of adequate parking provision in urban areas—particularly in dense urban fabrics—leads to a range of social, economic, environmental, and physical consequences, including reduced safety, increased disorder and inconvenience, limited pedestrian and cycling accessibility, and a decline in the visual quality of the urban environment. Moreover, insufficient parking provision in buildings can contribute to uneven physical development across urban areas. This study was conducted in the Qom metropolitan area and adopts a quantitative research approach. Data on building violations related to parking deficiencies were collected for the period 2012–2024 and analyzed using ArcGIS software. Spatial analysis techniques, including Kernel Density Estimation and Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index, were applied to examine the spatial patterns of violations. The findings indicate that Districts 3, 5, and 6 of Qom exhibit the highest levels of parking deficiency violations. Furthermore, the overlay analysis of violation data with population density and street width reveals that violation hotspots are primarily concentrated in narrow streets and densely built areas, particularly in District 6. This pattern reflects significant physical pressure and the emergence of uneven urban development. Accordingly, urban management authorities should implement stricter monitoring and enforcement measures to prevent parking deficiency violations in properties located along narrow streets and within dense urban fabrics. Additionally, revenues and penalties collected from such violations can be allocated to the development of public parking facilities and public spaces, such as neighborhood parks, to mitigate the adverse social, economic, and environmental impacts associated with this issue.

Keywords

• Building Violations
• Parking Deficiency
• Spatial Analysis
• Uneven Physical Development
• GIS
• Qom Metropolis