Payame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250319A Conceptual Framework for Conflict Management in Tourism Destinations (Case Study: Protected Areas)A Conceptual Framework for Conflict Management in Tourism Destinations (Case Study: Protected Areas)1201184810.30473/psp.2025.72973.2749FARoghayehGhanbari GhadikolaeiPh.D. in Tourism, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IranMahmoodZiaeeProfessor, Department of Tourism Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IranVajhollahGhorbanizadehProfessor, Department of Management and Accounting, Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IranMahmoudJomehpourProfessor, Department of Social Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4170-5395Journal Article20241209Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon among stakeholders in tourism destinations. Consequently, conflict management has garnered the attention of tourism researchers. Therefore, it is necessary to address this by representing the overall map of studies conducted in this field and identifying areas requiring further effort. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to identify and explain the approaches and research gaps in the field of conflict management in specific tourism destinations, such as protected areas. This research is fundamental in terms of purpose, inductive in approach, and conducted as a qualitative study using a scoping and systematic review method. The statistical population of this research includes articles, books, and theses published in reputable foreign and domestic databases between 2000 and 2024, from which 78 studies were selected using purposive sampling after three screening stages. Data analysis is based on approaches that involve the recurrence of secondary sources. The research findings are categorized into three sections: reasons for conflict occurrence, characteristics of conflict, and how to manage conflict. By synthesizing the extracted concepts, a conceptual model was developed in which compromise, social capital, collective action, self-organization, and participatory action are among the most important components for managing conflict in tourism destinations. The extracted conceptual framework can serve as a basis for future research in this field of study.Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon among stakeholders in tourism destinations. Consequently, conflict management has garnered the attention of tourism researchers. Therefore, it is necessary to address this by representing the overall map of studies conducted in this field and identifying areas requiring further effort. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to identify and explain the approaches and research gaps in the field of conflict management in specific tourism destinations, such as protected areas. This research is fundamental in terms of purpose, inductive in approach, and conducted as a qualitative study using a scoping and systematic review method. The statistical population of this research includes articles, books, and theses published in reputable foreign and domestic databases between 2000 and 2024, from which 78 studies were selected using purposive sampling after three screening stages. Data analysis is based on approaches that involve the recurrence of secondary sources. The research findings are categorized into three sections: reasons for conflict occurrence, characteristics of conflict, and how to manage conflict. By synthesizing the extracted concepts, a conceptual model was developed in which compromise, social capital, collective action, self-organization, and participatory action are among the most important components for managing conflict in tourism destinations. The extracted conceptual framework can serve as a basis for future research in this field of study.https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11848_03b2887534b27debdd26454398c7bd2a.pdfPayame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250319Explaining Sustainable Housing in Rural Settlements Based on a Community-Based Conceptual Framework (Case Study: Rural Area along the Zayandeh Rud River, Falavarjan Township)Explaining Sustainable Housing in Rural Settlements Based on a Community-Based Conceptual Framework (Case Study: Rural Area along the Zayandeh Rud River, Falavarjan Township)21381184910.30473/psp.2025.71895.2734FAZohrehSadeghiPh.D. student of Geography and Rural Planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranFarhadAzizpourAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranAsgharTahmasebiAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranMohsenSartipipourProfessor, Department of Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240810Suitable housing in rural areas is considered a key factor in sustainable development and the improvement of the quality of life for rural inhabitants. In this regard, the present study aims to, in addition to extracting indicators of sustainable housing based on the lived experiences of rural people, assess the current housing situation in the rural areas along the Zayandeh Rud River in Falavarjan Township. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and it is applied in terms of purpose. Data were collected in the first phase of the research through semi-structured interviews with 30 rural households, and in the second phase through a survey of 373 rural households. Based on the findings, the research concludes that normative meta-narratives derived from common mentality based on deductive logic (such as the conceptual model of sustainable housing), considering regional-local requirements, especially the local community's perception of explanatory power, do not have the same explanatory power for all spaces. The psychological-environmental dimension is an aspect of sustainable housing that has been neglected in meta-narratives but emphasized by the local community. Furthermore, based on the expanded conceptual model, this study revealed that housing development in the studied geographical area is not integrated, coordinated, and sustainable.Suitable housing in rural areas is considered a key factor in sustainable development and the improvement of the quality of life for rural inhabitants. In this regard, the present study aims to, in addition to extracting indicators of sustainable housing based on the lived experiences of rural people, assess the current housing situation in the rural areas along the Zayandeh Rud River in Falavarjan Township. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and it is applied in terms of purpose. Data were collected in the first phase of the research through semi-structured interviews with 30 rural households, and in the second phase through a survey of 373 rural households. Based on the findings, the research concludes that normative meta-narratives derived from common mentality based on deductive logic (such as the conceptual model of sustainable housing), considering regional-local requirements, especially the local community's perception of explanatory power, do not have the same explanatory power for all spaces. The psychological-environmental dimension is an aspect of sustainable housing that has been neglected in meta-narratives but emphasized by the local community. Furthermore, based on the expanded conceptual model, this study revealed that housing development in the studied geographical area is not integrated, coordinated, and sustainable.https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11849_a180c7f1d0baf027485272ba008b6765.pdfPayame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250319Identifying the Challenges of Improvement Plans for Valuable Rural Fabrics (Case Study: Khorasan Razavi Province)Identifying the Challenges of Improvement Plans for Valuable Rural Fabrics (Case Study: Khorasan Razavi Province)39581185010.30473/psp.2025.70382.2713FAForogh SadatAbootorabiM.Sc. in Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranMaryamGhasemiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20240125In Iran, improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics have been prepared and implemented by the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation since 2000 with significant financial investment. Although these plans have led to transformations in valuable rural fabrics, they face challenges, like all other plans, that impede the effective realization of their objectives. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the challenges of improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics. The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of nature and research method. Given that the improvement plan for valuable rural fabrics in Khorasan Razavi Province has only been implemented in six villages—Kahak, Jazin, Riab, Azghad, Kong, and Dizbad—this study examines all these villages. In this study, 168 local residents and 17 rural experts participated in completing questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using exploratory factor analysis and a one-sample t-test in SPSS software. The results indicated that the most significant challenges in the implementation of improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics are 8 challenges accounting for 64% of the variance. Furthermore, the most important challenges in the preparation of the plan include 5 challenges with 57.1% of the variance. Overall, the common and critical challenge in both the preparation and implementation phases of improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics is the "lack of comprehensiveness in the fabric's scope," which alone accounts for 18.7% of the variance in the preparation phase and 12.7% in the implementation phase. Clearly, understanding the challenges of the plan enables higher-level planning managers to achieve more effective and beneficial formulation and planning by identifying and addressing the plan's weaknesses; a matter that has received less attention from managers despite the emphasis of various studies on its reform and revision.In Iran, improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics have been prepared and implemented by the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation since 2000 with significant financial investment. Although these plans have led to transformations in valuable rural fabrics, they face challenges, like all other plans, that impede the effective realization of their objectives. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the challenges of improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics. The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of nature and research method. Given that the improvement plan for valuable rural fabrics in Khorasan Razavi Province has only been implemented in six villages—Kahak, Jazin, Riab, Azghad, Kong, and Dizbad—this study examines all these villages. In this study, 168 local residents and 17 rural experts participated in completing questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using exploratory factor analysis and a one-sample t-test in SPSS software. The results indicated that the most significant challenges in the implementation of improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics are 8 challenges accounting for 64% of the variance. Furthermore, the most important challenges in the preparation of the plan include 5 challenges with 57.1% of the variance. Overall, the common and critical challenge in both the preparation and implementation phases of improvement plans for valuable rural fabrics is the "lack of comprehensiveness in the fabric's scope," which alone accounts for 18.7% of the variance in the preparation phase and 12.7% in the implementation phase. Clearly, understanding the challenges of the plan enables higher-level planning managers to achieve more effective and beneficial formulation and planning by identifying and addressing the plan's weaknesses; a matter that has received less attention from managers despite the emphasis of various studies on its reform and revision.https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11850_76ba81f5089a331b9e71af10d03e1324.pdfPayame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250319Analyzing the Relationship between Functional Form and Social Interactions in Urban Spaces (Case Study: Shiraz City)Analyzing the Relationship between Functional Form and Social Interactions in Urban Spaces (Case Study: Shiraz City)59681185110.30473/psp.2025.73093.2751FAMohammadmahdiSharifiniaM.Sc. in Urban Planning, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, IranMohammadHosseinpourAssistant Professor, Department of Urbanism, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, IranAliSoltaaniProfessor, Department of Urbanism, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20241227Social interactions are a significant indicator of citizens' quality of life, health, well-being, and happiness, and their social satisfaction leads to life satisfaction. Currently, it is believed that the level of social interactions in cities has decreased in recent years, and this issue has negatively affected the physical and mental health of citizens. Therefore, urban planners and designers are compelled to provide solutions to improve this situation. On the other hand, the physical structure of cities acts as a platform for social activities and has a direct relationship with the social life of citizens. In line with the mentioned factors, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the physical and spatial structure of the city and the level of social interactions among its residents. In this research, indicators have been used to evaluate the two main criteria: the physical structure of urban neighborhoods and social interactions. ArcGIS Pro software analyzes the physical structure of neighborhoods based on density, land-use mix, access to essential services, and access to public transportation stations. To measure the level of social interaction among residents, questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS software, and finally, the relationship between these two criteria and their impact on each other was examined. The results of these analyses and the investigations conducted on the considered indicators show a positive correlation between social interactions and the indicators of density and access to public transportation, and no significant correlation with other indicators of the physical structureSocial interactions are a significant indicator of citizens' quality of life, health, well-being, and happiness, and their social satisfaction leads to life satisfaction. Currently, it is believed that the level of social interactions in cities has decreased in recent years, and this issue has negatively affected the physical and mental health of citizens. Therefore, urban planners and designers are compelled to provide solutions to improve this situation. On the other hand, the physical structure of cities acts as a platform for social activities and has a direct relationship with the social life of citizens. In line with the mentioned factors, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the physical and spatial structure of the city and the level of social interactions among its residents. In this research, indicators have been used to evaluate the two main criteria: the physical structure of urban neighborhoods and social interactions. ArcGIS Pro software analyzes the physical structure of neighborhoods based on density, land-use mix, access to essential services, and access to public transportation stations. To measure the level of social interaction among residents, questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS software, and finally, the relationship between these two criteria and their impact on each other was examined. The results of these analyses and the investigations conducted on the considered indicators show a positive correlation between social interactions and the indicators of density and access to public transportation, and no significant correlation with other indicators of the physical structurehttps://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11851_f36dd01e79ff35663318f45507d20d8a.pdfPayame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250320Ecological Footprint Index and Assessment of Biotic Sustainability in the Development of the Tehran-Alborz Metropolitan AreaEcological Footprint Index and Assessment of Biotic Sustainability in the Development of the Tehran-Alborz Metropolitan Area69861237910.30473/psp.2025.73644.2761FAParvanehSobhaniAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Natural Resources Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.AfshinDanehkarProfessor, Department of Environmental Science, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Journal Article20250202Cities, as the most consuming ecosystems globally, are responsible for a significant portion of environmental problems. To achieve sustainable development, it is essential to examine the ecological conditions governing these areas. Accordingly, the present study investigated the trend of land cover/use changes during the years 2008-2023, as well as the prediction and modeling of these changes using the Markov chain model and cellular automata (CA-Markov) for the year 2041. Subsequently, the ecological footprint, biocapacity, and ecological deficit/surplus were calculated, and the performance and ecological balance in this region were examined. Finally, ecological pressure and sustainability were also assessed. According to the results, during the years 2008-2023, the most significant decreasing trend was related to sparse rangelands with an area of -1220.7 square kilometers, while the most significant increasing changes were allocated to semi-dense rangelands with an area of 1221.2 square kilometers. In the Tehran-Alborz metropolitan area during the studied years, nearly 2905.2 square kilometers of land cover/use classes showed a decreasing trend, which constitutes 15.41% of the total area of the region. The most significant decreasing trend in 2041 is also related to sparse rangelands with an area of 2661 square kilometers, while the most significant increasing trend is related to semi-dense rangelands with an area of 4548 square kilometers. This trend indicates the rapid pace of urbanization and the transformation of land cover/use classes in this metropolitan area. The investigation of performance and equivalence between land cover/use classes in the region showed that equivalence factors are relatively stable, while performance factors fluctuate significantly. Furthermore, the results indicated that the ecological footprint in the Tehran-Alborz metropolitan area (2008-2041) has an increasing trend, while biocapacity and ecological surplus have a decreasing trend. The ecological footprint index and ecological depth also show an increasing trend, indicating an increase in ecological pressure and a decrease in ecological sustainability during the studied years. Therefore, the realization of sustainable development and the protection of natural resources, as well as establishing a balance between human consumption of resources and the absorption of produced waste by nature, necessitates the action of planners and authorities in preserving and protecting the environment in this area, in a way that they strive to preserve its valuable biological resources and improve the ecological environment in this region.Cities, as the most consuming ecosystems globally, are responsible for a significant portion of environmental problems. To achieve sustainable development, it is essential to examine the ecological conditions governing these areas. Accordingly, the present study investigated the trend of land cover/use changes during the years 2008-2023, as well as the prediction and modeling of these changes using the Markov chain model and cellular automata (CA-Markov) for the year 2041. Subsequently, the ecological footprint, biocapacity, and ecological deficit/surplus were calculated, and the performance and ecological balance in this region were examined. Finally, ecological pressure and sustainability were also assessed. According to the results, during the years 2008-2023, the most significant decreasing trend was related to sparse rangelands with an area of -1220.7 square kilometers, while the most significant increasing changes were allocated to semi-dense rangelands with an area of 1221.2 square kilometers. In the Tehran-Alborz metropolitan area during the studied years, nearly 2905.2 square kilometers of land cover/use classes showed a decreasing trend, which constitutes 15.41% of the total area of the region. The most significant decreasing trend in 2041 is also related to sparse rangelands with an area of 2661 square kilometers, while the most significant increasing trend is related to semi-dense rangelands with an area of 4548 square kilometers. This trend indicates the rapid pace of urbanization and the transformation of land cover/use classes in this metropolitan area. The investigation of performance and equivalence between land cover/use classes in the region showed that equivalence factors are relatively stable, while performance factors fluctuate significantly. Furthermore, the results indicated that the ecological footprint in the Tehran-Alborz metropolitan area (2008-2041) has an increasing trend, while biocapacity and ecological surplus have a decreasing trend. The ecological footprint index and ecological depth also show an increasing trend, indicating an increase in ecological pressure and a decrease in ecological sustainability during the studied years. Therefore, the realization of sustainable development and the protection of natural resources, as well as establishing a balance between human consumption of resources and the absorption of produced waste by nature, necessitates the action of planners and authorities in preserving and protecting the environment in this area, in a way that they strive to preserve its valuable biological resources and improve the ecological environment in this region.https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12379_7bebb0e01030d1279322d8f3a8f13a47.pdfPayame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250319Physical Pathology of Tourism in Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Fuman Township)Physical Pathology of Tourism in Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Fuman Township)871021185210.30473/psp.2025.73455.2757FAMadinehFallahPh.D. Student in Geography and Rural Planning, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.TeimourAmarAssociate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranMohammad BasetGhoreishiAssistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranJournal Article20250121Fuman Township has consistently attracted domestic and foreign tourists due to its unique natural, human, and cultural attractions. The expansion of tourism flows in the township, coupled with a lack of efficient planning and management, has resulted in various positive and negative economic, physical, and environmental impacts. This article aims to identify the physical damages of tourism and propose appropriate strategies to mitigate these damages, with the goal of proper planning in the sensitive and fragile rural environment of this township. The research is applied in nature, employs a descriptive-analytical method, and the data were collected using documentary sources, field studies, and the opinions of local managers. The sample population consists of 120 villages out of the total 171 villages in Fuman Township. The results indicate that the identified physical damages directly or indirectly affected by tourism activities fall into three main categories: land-use change, ownership change and the formation of non-local ownership, the growth of second homes, and disruption in housing patterns. Based on the findings, strategies such as implementing policies to control tourism development, improving existing networks, focusing on communication routes, preparing a regional spatial planning scheme, and organizing, managing, and increasing supervision over tourism-related activities are proposed.Fuman Township has consistently attracted domestic and foreign tourists due to its unique natural, human, and cultural attractions. The expansion of tourism flows in the township, coupled with a lack of efficient planning and management, has resulted in various positive and negative economic, physical, and environmental impacts. This article aims to identify the physical damages of tourism and propose appropriate strategies to mitigate these damages, with the goal of proper planning in the sensitive and fragile rural environment of this township. The research is applied in nature, employs a descriptive-analytical method, and the data were collected using documentary sources, field studies, and the opinions of local managers. The sample population consists of 120 villages out of the total 171 villages in Fuman Township. The results indicate that the identified physical damages directly or indirectly affected by tourism activities fall into three main categories: land-use change, ownership change and the formation of non-local ownership, the growth of second homes, and disruption in housing patterns. Based on the findings, strategies such as implementing policies to control tourism development, improving existing networks, focusing on communication routes, preparing a regional spatial planning scheme, and organizing, managing, and increasing supervision over tourism-related activities are proposed.https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11852_756c7bea32cec0e4bdfd9505977a6ca4.pdfPayame Noor UniversityPhysical Social Planning2645-547111420250319Examining the Factors Influencing Transformative Urban Management (Case Study: Ahvaz Metropolis)Examining the Factors Influencing Transformative Urban Management (Case Study: Ahvaz Metropolis)1031161185310.30473/psp.2025.73372.2756FAصادقAllahyariAssistant Professor of Geography, Payame Noor University,Tehran, IranJournal Article20250120Transformative urban management is a dynamic approach involving the participation of all urban stakeholders across various levels of urban development to address challenges and create positive urban changes through the efforts of urban managers and residents. This type of management comprises multiple components. The aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing the establishment of transformative urban management in Ahvaz metropolis. The present research is applied in its objectives and employs a qualitative method based on grounded theory. The data collection tool was structured interviews, and the statistical population consisted of urban managers and planners in Ahvaz metropolis. Using purposive sampling and theoretical saturation, 15 experts were selected for interviews. Data and information were analyzed using qualitative analysis and coding of interviews via MAXQDA software. The study's findings identified 36 concepts through open coding, 13 axial categories and subcomponents through axial coding, and three selective categories and main components through selective coding. Based on the coding results, the factors influencing the establishment of transformative urban management in Ahvaz include three main components (interaction and leadership, developmental processes, and foresight and innovation among managers and citizens). The results also revealed 13 key subcomponents, the most significant of which are inclusive citizen participation, networking, citizen awareness, and leadership at various human and geographical levels in the Ahvaz metropolis.Transformative urban management is a dynamic approach involving the participation of all urban stakeholders across various levels of urban development to address challenges and create positive urban changes through the efforts of urban managers and residents. This type of management comprises multiple components. The aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing the establishment of transformative urban management in Ahvaz metropolis. The present research is applied in its objectives and employs a qualitative method based on grounded theory. The data collection tool was structured interviews, and the statistical population consisted of urban managers and planners in Ahvaz metropolis. Using purposive sampling and theoretical saturation, 15 experts were selected for interviews. Data and information were analyzed using qualitative analysis and coding of interviews via MAXQDA software. The study's findings identified 36 concepts through open coding, 13 axial categories and subcomponents through axial coding, and three selective categories and main components through selective coding. Based on the coding results, the factors influencing the establishment of transformative urban management in Ahvaz include three main components (interaction and leadership, developmental processes, and foresight and innovation among managers and citizens). The results also revealed 13 key subcomponents, the most significant of which are inclusive citizen participation, networking, citizen awareness, and leadership at various human and geographical levels in the Ahvaz metropolis.https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11853_e7ae0898ea9e4dfe9924d991989580fa.pdf